Upgrading Ruby on Rails

1 General Advice

Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.

1.1 Test Coverage

The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to have good test coverage before you start the process. If you don't have automated tests that exercise the bulk of your application, you'll need to spend time manually exercising all the parts that have changed. In the case of a Rails upgrade, that will mean every single piece of functionality in the application. Do yourself a favor and make sure your test coverage is good before you start an upgrade.

1.2 Ruby Versions

Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:

• Rails 7.2 requires Ruby 3.1.0 or newer.
• Rails 7.0 and 7.1 requires Ruby 2.7.0 or newer.
• Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.5.0 or newer.
• Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer.

It's a good idea to upgrade Ruby and Rails separately. Upgrade to the latest Ruby you can first, and then upgrade Rails.

1.3 The Upgrade Process

When changing Rails versions, it's best to move slowly, one minor version at a time, in order to make good use of the deprecation warnings. Rails version numbers are in the form Major.Minor.Patch. Major and Minor versions are allowed to make changes to the public API, so this may cause errors in your application. Patch versions only include bug fixes, and don't change any public API.

The process should go as follows:

1. Write tests and make sure they pass.
2. Move to the latest patch version after your current version.
3. Fix tests and deprecated features.
4. Move to the latest patch version of the next minor version.

Repeat this process until you reach your target Rails version.

1.3.1 Moving between versions

To move between versions:

1. Change the Rails version number in the Gemfile and run bundle update rails.
2. Change the versions for Rails JavaScript packages in package.json and run bin/rails javascript:install if running jsbundling-rails.
3. Run the Update task.
4. Run your tests.

You can find a list of all released Rails gems here.

1.4 The Update Task

Rails provides the rails app:update command. After updating the Rails version in the Gemfile, run this command. This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an interactive session.

$ bin/rails app:update
       exist  config
    conflict  config/application.rb
Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
       force  config/application.rb
      create  config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_7_2.rb
...

Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes.

1.5 Configure Framework Defaults

The new Rails version might have different configuration defaults than the previous version. However, after following the steps described above, your application would still run with configuration defaults from the previous Rails version. That's because the value for config.load_defaults in config/application.rb has not been changed yet.

To allow you to upgrade to new defaults one by one, the update task has created a file config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_X.Y.rb (with the desired Rails version in the filename). You should enable the new configuration defaults by uncommenting them in the file; this can be done gradually over several deployments. Once your application is ready to run with new defaults, you can remove this file and flip the config.load_defaults value.

2 Upgrading from Rails 7.1 to Rails 7.2

For more information on changes made to Rails 7.2 please see the release notes.

2.1 All tests now respect the active_job.queue_adapter config

If you have set config.active_job.queue_adapter in your config/application.rb or config/environments/test.rb file, the adapter you selected was previously not used consistently across all tests. In some tests your adapter would be used, but other tests would use the TestAdapter.

In Rails 7.2, all tests will respect the queue_adapter config if provided. This may cause test errors, if you had set the queue_adapter config to something other than :test, but written tests in a way that was dependent on the TestAdapter.

If no config is provided, the TestAdapter will continue to be used.

3 Upgrading from Rails 7.0 to Rails 7.1

For more information on changes made to Rails 7.1 please see the release notes.

3.1 Development and test environments secret_key_base file changed

In development and test environments, the file from which Rails reads the secret_key_base has been renamed from tmp/development_secret.txt to tmp/local_secret.txt.

You can simply rename the previous file to local_secret.txt to continue using the same secret, or copy the key from the previous file to the new one.

Failure to do so will cause Rails to generate a new secret key in the new file tmp/local_secret.txt when the app loads.

This will invalidate all existing sessions/cookies in development and test environments, and also cause other signatures derived from secret_key_base to break, such as Active Storage/Action Text attachments.

Production and other environments are not affected.

3.2 Autoloaded paths are no longer in $LOAD_PATH

Starting from Rails 7.1, the directories managed by the autoloaders are no longer added to $LOAD_PATH. This means it won't be possible to load their files with a manual require call, which shouldn't be done anyway.

Reducing the size of $LOAD_PATH speeds up require calls for apps not using bootsnap, and reduces the size of the bootsnap cache for the others.

If you'd like to have these paths still in $LOAD_PATH, you can opt-in:

config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path = true

but we discourage doing so, classes and modules in the autoload paths are meant to be autoloaded. That is, just reference them.

The lib directory is not affected by this flag, it is added to $LOAD_PATH always.

3.3 config.autoload_lib and config.autoload_lib_once

If your application does not have lib in the autoload or autoload once paths, please skip this section. You can find that out by inspecting the output of

# Print autoload paths.
$ bin/rails runner 'pp Rails.autoloaders.main.dirs'

# Print autoload once paths.
$ bin/rails runner 'pp Rails.autoloaders.once.dirs'

If your application already has lib in the autoload paths, normally there is configuration in config/application.rb that looks something like

# Autoload lib, but do not eager load it (maybe overlooked).
config.autoload_paths << config.root.join("lib")

or

# Autoload and also eager load lib.
config.autoload_paths << config.root.join("lib")
config.eager_load_paths << config.root.join("lib")

or

# Same, because all eager load paths become autoload paths too.
config.eager_load_paths << config.root.join("lib")

That still works, but it is recommended to replace those lines with the more concise

config.autoload_lib(ignore: %w(assets tasks))

Please, add to the ignore list any other lib subdirectories that do not contain .rb files, or that should not be reloaded or eager loaded. For example, if your application has lib/templates, lib/generators, or lib/middleware, you'd add their name relative to lib:

config.autoload_lib(ignore: %w(assets tasks templates generators middleware))

With that one-liner, the (non-ignored) code in lib will be also eager loaded if config.eager_load is true (the default in production mode). This is normally what you want, but if lib was not added to the eager load paths before and you still want it that way, please opt-out:

Rails.autoloaders.main.do_not_eager_load(config.root.join("lib"))

The method config.autoload_lib_once is the analogous one if the application had lib in config.autoload_once_paths.

3.4 ActiveStorage::BaseController no longer includes the streaming concern

Application controllers that inherit from ActiveStorage::BaseController and use streaming to implement custom file serving logic must now explicitly include the ActiveStorage::Streaming module.

3.5 MemCacheStore and RedisCacheStore now use connection pooling by default

The connection_pool gem has been added as a dependency of the activesupport gem, and the MemCacheStore and RedisCacheStore now use connection pooling by default.

If you don't want to use connection pooling, set :pool option to false when configuring your cache store:

config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache.example.com", { pool: false }

See the caching with Rails guide for more information.

3.6 SQLite3Adapter now configured to be used in a strict strings mode

The use of a strict strings mode disables double-quoted string literals.

SQLite has some quirks around double-quoted string literals. It first tries to consider double-quoted strings as identifier names, but if they don't exist it then considers them as string literals. Because of this, typos can silently go unnoticed. For example, it is possible to create an index for a non existing column. See SQLite documentation for more details.

If you don't want to use SQLite3Adapter in a strict mode, you can disable this behavior:

# config/application.rb
config.active_record.sqlite3_adapter_strict_strings_by_default = false

3.7 Support multiple preview paths for ActionMailer::Preview

Option config.action_mailer.preview_path is deprecated in favor of config.action_mailer.preview_paths. Appending paths to this configuration option will cause those paths to be used in the search for mailer previews.

config.action_mailer.preview_paths << "#{Rails.root}/lib/mailer_previews"

3.8 config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations = true now raises on any missing translation.

Previously it would only raise when called in a view or controller. Now it will raise anytime I18n.t is provided an unrecognised key.

# with config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations = true

# in a view or controller:
t("missing.key") # raises in 7.0, raises in 7.1
I18n.t("missing.key") # didn't raise in 7.0, raises in 7.1

# anywhere:
I18n.t("missing.key") # didn't raise in 7.0, raises in 7.1

If you don't want this behaviour, you can set config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations = false:

# with config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations = false

# in a view or controller:
t("missing.key") # didn't raise in 7.0, doesn't raise in 7.1
I18n.t("missing.key") # didn't raise in 7.0, doesn't raise in 7.1

# anywhere:
I18n.t("missing.key") # didn't raise in 7.0, doesn't raise in 7.1

Alternatively, you can customise the I18n.exception_handler. See the i18n guide for more information.

AbstractController::Translation.raise_on_missing_translations has been removed. This was a private API, if you were relying on it you should migrate to config.i18n.raise_on_missing_translations or to a custom exception handler.

3.9 bin/rails test now runs test:prepare task

When running tests via bin/rails test, the rake test:prepare task will run before tests run. If you've enhanced the test:prepare task, your enhancements will run before your tests. tailwindcss-rails, jsbundling-rails, and cssbundling-rails enhance this task, as do other third party gems.

See the Testing Rails Applications guide for more information.

If you run a single file's tests (bin/rails test test/models/user_test.rb), test:prepare will not run before it.

3.10 Import syntax from @rails/ujs is modified

Starting from Rails 7.1, the syntax for importing modules from @rails/ujs is modified. Rails no longer supports the direct import of a module from @rails/ujs.

For example, attempting to import a function from the library will fail:

import { fileInputSelector } from "@rails/ujs"
// ERROR: export 'fileInputSelector' (imported as 'fileInputSelector') was not found in '@rails/ujs' (possible exports: default)

In Rails 7.1, users should first import the Rails object directly from @rails/ujs. Users can then import specific modules from the Rails object.

An example of imports in Rails 7.1 is shown below:

import Rails from "@rails/ujs"
// Alias the method
const fileInputSelector = Rails.fileInputSelector
// Alternatively, reference it from the Rails object where it is used
Rails.fileInputSelector(...)

3.11 Rails.logger now returns an ActiveSupport::BroadcastLogger instance

The ActiveSupport::BroadcastLogger class is a new logger that allows to broadcast logs to different sinks (STDOUT, a log file...) in an easy way.

The API to broadcast logs (using the ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast method) was removed and was previously private. If your application or library was relying on this API, you need to make the following changes:

logger = Logger.new("some_file.log")

# Before

Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(logger))

# After

Rails.logger.broadcast_to(logger)

If your application had configured a custom logger, Rails.logger will wrap and proxy all methods to it. No changes on your side are required to make it work.

If you need to access your custom logger instance, you can do so using the broadcasts method:

# config/application.rb
config.logger = MyLogger.new

# Anywhere in your application
puts Rails.logger.class #=> BroadcastLogger
puts Rails.logger.broadcasts #=> [MyLogger]

3.12 Active Record Encryption algorithm changes

Active Record Encryption now uses SHA-256 as its hash digest algorithm. If you have data encrypted with previous Rails versions, there are two scenarios to consider:

1. If you have config.active_support.key_generator_hash_digest_class configured as SHA-1 (the default before Rails 7.0), you need to configure SHA-1 for Active Record Encryption too:

   config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
   

   Copy

2. If you have config.active_support.key_generator_hash_digest_class configured as SHA-256 (the new default in 7.0), then you need to configure SHA-256 for Active Record Encryption:

   config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256
   

   Copy

See the Configuring Rails Applications guide for more information on config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class.

In addition, a new configuration config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption was introduced to resolve a bug that caused some attributes to be encrypted using SHA-1 even when SHA-256 was configured via the aforementioned hash_digest_class configuration.

By default, config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption is disabled in Rails 7.1. If you have data encrypted in a version of Rails < 7.1 that you believe may be affected by the aforementioned bug, this configuration should be enabled:

config.active_record.encryption.support_sha1_for_non_deterministic_encryption = true

If you are working with encrypted data, please carefully review the above.

3.13 New ways to handle exceptions in Controller Tests, Integration Tests, and System Tests

The config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions configuration controls how Action Pack handles exceptions raised while responding to requests.

Prior to Rails 7.1, setting config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = true configured Action Pack to rescue exceptions and render appropriate HTML error pages, like rendering public/404.html with a 404 Not found status code instead of raising an ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception. Setting config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false configured Action Pack to not rescue the exception. Prior to Rails 7.1, new applications were generated with a line in config/environments/test.rb that set config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = false.

Rails 7.1 changes the acceptable values from true and false to :all, :rescuable, and :none.

• :all - render HTML error pages for all exceptions (equivalent to true)
• :rescuable - render HTML error pages for exceptions declared by config.action_dispatch.rescue_responses
• :none (equivalent to false) - do not rescue from any exceptions

Applications generated by Rails 7.1 or later set config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = :rescuable in their config/environments/test.rb. When upgrading, existing applications can change config.action_dispatch.show_exceptions = :rescuable to utilize the new behavior, or replace the old values with the corresponding new ones (true replaces :all, false replaces :none).

4 Upgrading from Rails 6.1 to Rails 7.0

For more information on changes made to Rails 7.0 please see the release notes.

4.1 ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper#button_to changed behavior

Starting from Rails 7.0 button_to renders a form tag with patch HTTP verb if a persisted Active Record object is used to build button URL. To keep current behavior consider explicitly passing method: option:

-button_to("Do a POST", [:my_custom_post_action_on_workshop, Workshop.find(1)])
+button_to("Do a POST", [:my_custom_post_action_on_workshop, Workshop.find(1)], method: :post)

or using helper to build the URL:

-button_to("Do a POST", [:my_custom_post_action_on_workshop, Workshop.find(1)])
+button_to("Do a POST", my_custom_post_action_on_workshop_workshop_path(Workshop.find(1)))

4.2 Spring

If your application uses Spring, it needs to be upgraded to at least version 3.0.0. Otherwise you'll get

undefined method `mechanism=' for ActiveSupport::Dependencies:Module

Also, make sure config.cache_classes is set to false in config/environments/test.rb.

4.3 Sprockets is now an optional dependency

The gem rails doesn't depend on sprockets-rails anymore. If your application still needs to use Sprockets, make sure to add sprockets-rails to your Gemfile.

gem "sprockets-rails"

4.4 Applications need to run in zeitwerk mode

Applications still running in classic mode have to switch to zeitwerk mode. Please check the Classic to Zeitwerk HOWTO guide for details.

4.5 The setter config.autoloader= has been deleted

In Rails 7 there is no configuration point to set the autoloading mode, config.autoloader= has been deleted. If you had it set to :zeitwerk for whatever reason, just remove it.

4.6 ActiveSupport::Dependencies private API has been deleted

The private API of ActiveSupport::Dependencies has been deleted. That includes methods like hook!, unhook!, depend_on, require_or_load, mechanism, and many others.

A few of highlights:

• If you used ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize or ActiveSupport::Dependencies.safe_constantize, just change them to String#constantize or String#safe_constantize.

  ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize("User") # NO LONGER POSSIBLE
  "User".constantize # 👍

• Any usage of ActiveSupport::Dependencies.mechanism, reader or writer, has to be replaced by accessing config.cache_classes accordingly.

• If you want to trace the activity of the autoloader, ActiveSupport::Dependencies.verbose= is no longer available, just throw Rails.autoloaders.log! in config/application.rb.

Auxiliary internal classes or modules are also gone, like ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference, ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Blamable, and others.

4.7 Autoloading during initialization

Applications that autoloaded reloadable constants during initialization outside of to_prepare blocks got those constants unloaded and had this warning issued since Rails 6.0:

DEPRECATION WARNING: Initialization autoloaded the constant ....

Being able to do this is deprecated. Autoloading during initialization is going
to be an error condition in future versions of Rails.

...

If you still get this warning in the logs, please check the section about autoloading when the application boots in the autoloading guide. You'd get a NameError in Rails 7 otherwise.

Constants managed by the once autoloader can be autoloaded during initialization, and they can be used normally, no need for a to_prepare block. However, the once autoloader is now set up earlier to support that. If the application has custom inflections, and the once autoloader should be aware of them, you need to move the code in config/initializers/inflections.rb to the body of the application class definition in config/application.rb:

module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    # ...

    ActiveSupport::Inflector.inflections(:en) do |inflect|
      inflect.acronym "HTML"
    end
  end
end

4.8 Ability to configure config.autoload_once_paths

config.autoload_once_paths can be set in the body of the application class defined in config/application.rb or in the configuration for environments in config/environments/*.

Similarly, engines can configure that collection in the class body of the engine class or in the configuration for environments.

After that, the collection is frozen, and you can autoload from those paths. In particular, you can autoload from there during initialization. They are managed by the Rails.autoloaders.once autoloader, which does not reload, only autoloads/eager loads.

If you configured this setting after the environments configuration has been processed and are getting FrozenError, please just move the code.

4.9 ActionDispatch::Request#content_type now returns Content-Type header as it is.

Previously, ActionDispatch::Request#content_type returned value does NOT contain charset part. This behavior changed to returned Content-Type header containing charset part as it is.

If you want just MIME type, please use ActionDispatch::Request#media_type instead.

Before:

request = ActionDispatch::Request.new("CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET")
request.content_type #=> "text/csv"

After:

request = ActionDispatch::Request.new("Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET")
request.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16"
request.media_type   #=> "text/csv"

4.10 Key generator digest class change requires a cookie rotator

The default digest class for the key generator is changing from SHA1 to SHA256. This has consequences in any encrypted message generated by Rails, including encrypted cookies.

In order to be able to read messages using the old digest class it is necessary to register a rotator. Failing to do so may result in users having their sessions invalidated during the upgrade.

The following is an example for rotator for the encrypted and the signed cookies.

# config/initializers/cookie_rotator.rb
Rails.application.config.after_initialize do
  Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_rotations.tap do |cookies|
    authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt = Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt
    signed_cookie_salt = Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.signed_cookie_salt

    secret_key_base = Rails.application.secret_key_base

    key_generator = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(
      secret_key_base, iterations: 1000, hash_digest_class: OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
    )
    key_len = ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor.key_len

    old_encrypted_secret = key_generator.generate_key(authenticated_encrypted_cookie_salt, key_len)
    old_signed_secret = key_generator.generate_key(signed_cookie_salt)

    cookies.rotate :encrypted, old_encrypted_secret
    cookies.rotate :signed, old_signed_secret
  end
end

4.11 Digest class for ActiveSupport::Digest changing to SHA256

The default digest class for ActiveSupport::Digest is changing from SHA1 to SHA256. This has consequences for things like Etags that will change and cache keys as well. Changing these keys can have impact on cache hit rates, so be careful and watch out for this when upgrading to the new hash.

4.12 New ActiveSupport::Cache serialization format

A faster and more compact serialization format was introduced.

To enable it you must set config.active_support.cache_format_version = 7.0:

# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 6.1
config.active_support.cache_format_version = 7.0

Or simply:

# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 7.0

However Rails 6.1 applications are not able to read this new serialization format, so to ensure a seamless upgrade you must first deploy your Rails 7.0 upgrade with config.active_support.cache_format_version = 6.1, and then only once all Rails processes have been updated you can set config.active_support.cache_format_version = 7.0.

Rails 7.0 is able to read both formats so the cache won't be invalidated during the upgrade.

4.13 Active Storage video preview image generation

Video preview image generation now uses FFmpeg's scene change detection to generate more meaningful preview images. Previously the first frame of the video would be used and that caused problems if the video faded in from black. This change requires FFmpeg v3.4+.

4.14 Active Storage default variant processor changed to :vips

For new apps, image transformation will use libvips instead of ImageMagick. This will reduce the time taken to generate variants as well as CPU and memory usage, improving response times in apps that rely on Active Storage to serve their images.

The :mini_magick option is not being deprecated, so it is fine to keep using it.

To migrate an existing app to libvips, set:

Rails.application.config.active_storage.variant_processor = :vips

You will then need to change existing image transformation code to the image_processing macros, and replace ImageMagick's options with libvips' options.

4.14.1 Replace resize with resize_to_limit

- variant(resize: "100x")
+ variant(resize_to_limit: [100, nil])

If you don't do this, when you switch to vips you will see this error: no implicit conversion to float from string.

4.14.2 Use an array when cropping

- variant(crop: "1920x1080+0+0")
+ variant(crop: [0, 0, 1920, 1080])

If you don't do this when migrating to vips, you will see the following error: unable to call crop: you supplied 2 arguments, but operation needs 5.

4.14.3 Clamp your crop values:

Vips is more strict than ImageMagick when it comes to cropping:

1. It will not crop if x and/or y are negative values. e.g.: [-10, -10, 100, 100]
2. It will not crop if position (x or y) plus crop dimension (width, height) is larger than the image. e.g.: a 125x125 image and a crop of [50, 50, 100, 100]

If you don't do this when migrating to vips, you will see the following error: extract_area: bad extract area

4.14.4 Adjust the background color used for resize_and_pad

Vips uses black as the default background color resize_and_pad, instead of white like ImageMagick. Fix that by using the background option:

- variant(resize_and_pad: [300, 300])
+ variant(resize_and_pad: [300, 300, background: [255]])

4.14.5 Remove any EXIF based rotation

Vips will auto rotate images using the EXIF value when processing variants. If you were storing rotation values from user uploaded photos to apply rotation with ImageMagick, you must stop doing that:

- variant(format: :jpg, rotate: rotation_value)
+ variant(format: :jpg)

4.14.6 Replace monochrome with colourspace

Vips uses a different option to make monochrome images:

- variant(monochrome: true)
+ variant(colourspace: "b-w")

4.14.7 Switch to libvips options for compressing images

JPEG

- variant(strip: true, quality: 80, interlace: "JPEG", sampling_factor: "4:2:0", colorspace: "sRGB")
+ variant(saver: { strip: true, quality: 80, interlace: true })

PNG

- variant(strip: true, quality: 75)
+ variant(saver: { strip: true, compression: 9 })

WEBP

- variant(strip: true, quality: 75, define: { webp: { lossless: false, alpha_quality: 85, thread_level: 1 } })
+ variant(saver: { strip: true, quality: 75, lossless: false, alpha_q: 85, reduction_effort: 6, smart_subsample: true })

GIF

- variant(layers: "Optimize")
+ variant(saver: { optimize_gif_frames: true, optimize_gif_transparency: true })

4.14.8 Deploy to production

Active Storage encodes into the url for the image the list of transformations that must be performed. If your app is caching these urls, your images will break after you deploy the new code to production. Because of this you must manually invalidate your affected cache keys.

For example, if you have something like this in a view:

<% @products.each do |product| %>
  <% cache product do %>
    <%= image_tag product.cover_photo.variant(resize: "200x") %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

You can invalidate the cache either by touching the product, or changing the cache key:

<% @products.each do |product| %>
  <% cache ["v2", product] do %>
    <%= image_tag product.cover_photo.variant(resize_to_limit: [200, nil]) %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>

4.15 Rails version is now included in the Active Record schema dump

Rails 7.0 changed some default values for some column types. To avoid that application upgrading from 6.1 to 7.0 load the current schema using the new 7.0 defaults, Rails now includes the version of the framework in the schema dump.

Before loading the schema for the first time in Rails 7.0, make sure to run rails app:update to ensure that the version of the schema is included in the schema dump.

The schema file will look like this:

# This file is auto-generated from the current state of the database. Instead
# of editing this file, please use the migrations feature of Active Record to
# incrementally modify your database, and then regenerate this schema definition.
#
# This file is the source Rails uses to define your schema when running `bin/rails
# db:schema:load`. When creating a new database, `bin/rails db:schema:load` tends to
# be faster and is potentially less error prone than running all of your
# migrations from scratch. Old migrations may fail to apply correctly if those
# migrations use external dependencies or application code.
#
# It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.

ActiveRecord::Schema[6.1].define(version: 2022_01_28_123512) do
  # ...
end

5 Upgrading from Rails 6.0 to Rails 6.1

For more information on changes made to Rails 6.1 please see the release notes.

5.1 Rails.application.config_for return value no longer supports access with String keys.

Given a configuration file like this:

# config/example.yml
development:
  options:
    key: value

Rails.application.config_for(:example).options

This used to return a hash on which you could access values with String keys. That was deprecated in 6.0, and now doesn't work anymore.

You can call with_indifferent_access on the return value of config_for if you still want to access values with String keys, e.g.:

Rails.application.config_for(:example).with_indifferent_access.dig('options', 'key')

5.2 Response's Content-Type when using respond_to#any

The Content-Type header returned in the response can differ from what Rails 6.0 returned, more specifically if your application uses respond_to { |format| format.any }. The Content-Type will now be based on the given block rather than the request's format.

Example:

def my_action
  respond_to do |format|
    format.any { render(json: { foo: 'bar' }) }
  end
end

get('my_action.csv')

Previous behavior was returning a text/csv response's Content-Type which is inaccurate since a JSON response is being rendered. Current behavior correctly returns a application/json response's Content-Type.

If your application relies on the previous incorrect behavior, you are encouraged to specify which formats your action accepts, i.e.

format.any(:xml, :json) { render request.format.to_sym => @people }

5.3 ActiveSupport::Callbacks#halted_callback_hook now receive a second argument

Active Support allows you to override the halted_callback_hook whenever a callback halts the chain. This method now receives a second argument which is the name of the callback being halted. If you have classes that override this method, make sure it accepts two arguments. Note that this is a breaking change without a prior deprecation cycle (for performance reasons).

Example:

class Book < ApplicationRecord
  before_save { throw(:abort) }
  before_create { throw(:abort) }

  def halted_callback_hook(filter, callback_name) # => This method now accepts 2 arguments instead of 1
    Rails.logger.info("Book couldn't be #{callback_name}d")
  end
end

5.4 The helper class method in controllers uses String#constantize

Conceptually, before Rails 6.1

helper "foo/bar"

resulted in

require_dependency "foo/bar_helper"
module_name = "foo/bar_helper".camelize
module_name.constantize

Now it does this instead:

prefix = "foo/bar".camelize
"#{prefix}Helper".constantize

This change is backwards compatible for the majority of applications, in which case you do not need to do anything.

Technically, however, controllers could configure helpers_path to point to a directory in $LOAD_PATH that was not in the autoload paths. That use case is no longer supported out of the box. If the helper module is not autoloadable, the application is responsible for loading it before calling helper.

5.5 Redirection to HTTPS from HTTP will now use the 308 HTTP status code

The default HTTP status code used in ActionDispatch::SSL when redirecting non-GET/HEAD requests from HTTP to HTTPS has been changed to 308 as defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7538.

5.6 Active Storage now requires Image Processing

When processing variants in Active Storage, it's now required to have the image_processing gem bundled instead of directly using mini_magick. Image Processing is configured by default to use mini_magick behind the scenes, so the easiest way to upgrade is by replacing the mini_magick gem for the image_processing gem and making sure to remove the explicit usage of combine_options since it's no longer needed.

For readability, you may wish to change raw resize calls to image_processing macros. For example, instead of:

video.preview(resize: "100x100")
video.preview(resize: "100x100>")
video.preview(resize: "100x100^")

you can respectively do:

video.preview(resize_to_fit: [100, 100])
video.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100])
video.preview(resize_to_fill: [100, 100])

5.7 New ActiveModel::Error class

Errors are now instances of a new ActiveModel::Error class, with changes to the API. Some of these changes may throw errors depending on how you manipulate errors, while others will print deprecation warnings to be fixed for Rails 7.0.

More information about this change and details about the API changes can be found in this PR.

6 Upgrading from Rails 5.2 to Rails 6.0

For more information on changes made to Rails 6.0 please see the release notes.

6.1 Using Webpacker

Webpacker is the default JavaScript compiler for Rails 6. But if you are upgrading the app, it is not activated by default. If you want to use Webpacker, then include it in your Gemfile and install it:

gem "webpacker"

$ bin/rails webpacker:install

6.2 Force SSL

The force_ssl method on controllers has been deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.1. You are encouraged to enable config.force_ssl to enforce HTTPS connections throughout your application. If you need to exempt certain endpoints from redirection, you can use config.ssl_options to configure that behavior.

6.3 Purpose and expiry metadata is now embedded inside signed and encrypted cookies for increased security

To improve security, Rails embeds the purpose and expiry metadata inside encrypted or signed cookies value.

Rails can then thwart attacks that attempt to copy the signed/encrypted value of a cookie and use it as the value of another cookie.

This new embed metadata make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 6.0.

If you require your cookies to be read by Rails 5.2 and older, or you are still validating your 6.0 deploy and want to be able to rollback set Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata to false.

6.4 All npm packages have been moved to the @rails scope

If you were previously loading any of the actioncable, activestorage, or rails-ujs packages through npm/yarn, you must update the names of these dependencies before you can upgrade them to 6.0.0:

actioncable   → @rails/actioncable
activestorage → @rails/activestorage
rails-ujs     → @rails/ujs

6.5 Action Cable JavaScript API Changes

The Action Cable JavaScript package has been converted from CoffeeScript to ES2015, and we now publish the source code in the npm distribution.

This release includes some breaking changes to optional parts of the Action Cable JavaScript API:

• Configuration of the WebSocket adapter and logger adapter have been moved from properties of ActionCable to properties of ActionCable.adapters. If you are configuring these adapters you will need to make these changes:

  -    ActionCable.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
  +    ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
  

  Copy

  -    ActionCable.logger = myLogger
  +    ActionCable.adapters.logger = myLogger
  

  Copy

• The ActionCable.startDebugging() and ActionCable.stopDebugging() methods have been removed and replaced with the property ActionCable.logger.enabled. If you are using these methods you will need to make these changes:

  -    ActionCable.startDebugging()
  +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = true
  

  Copy

  -    ActionCable.stopDebugging()
  +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = false
  

  Copy

6.6 ActionDispatch::Response#content_type now returns the Content-Type header without modification

Previously, the return value of ActionDispatch::Response#content_type did NOT contain the charset part. This behavior has changed to include the previously omitted charset part as well.

If you want just the MIME type, please use ActionDispatch::Response#media_type instead.

Before:

resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present"

After:

resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16"
resp.media_type   #=> "text/csv"

6.7 New config.hosts setting

Rails now has a new config.hosts setting for security purposes. This setting defaults to localhost in development. If you use other domains in development you need to allow them like this:

# config/environments/development.rb

config.hosts << 'dev.myapp.com'
config.hosts << /[a-z0-9-]+\.myapp\.com/ # Optionally, regexp is allowed as well

For other environments config.hosts is empty by default, which means Rails won't validate the host at all. You can optionally add them if you want to validate it in production.

6.8 Autoloading

The default configuration for Rails 6

# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 6.0

enables zeitwerk autoloading mode on CRuby. In that mode, autoloading, reloading, and eager loading are managed by Zeitwerk.

If you are using defaults from a previous Rails version, you can enable zeitwerk like so:

# config/application.rb

config.autoloader = :zeitwerk

6.8.1 Public API

In general, applications do not need to use the API of Zeitwerk directly. Rails sets things up according to the existing contract: config.autoload_paths, config.cache_classes, etc.

While applications should stick to that interface, the actual Zeitwerk loader object can be accessed as

Rails.autoloaders.main

That may be handy if you need to preload Single Table Inheritance (STI) classes or configure a custom inflector, for example.

6.8.2 Project Structure

If the application being upgraded autoloads correctly, the project structure should be already mostly compatible.

However, classic mode infers file names from missing constant names (underscore), whereas zeitwerk mode infers constant names from file names (camelize). These helpers are not always inverse of each other, in particular if acronyms are involved. For instance, "FOO".underscore is "foo", but "foo".camelize is "Foo", not "FOO".

Compatibility can be checked with the zeitwerk:check task:

$ bin/rails zeitwerk:check
Hold on, I am eager loading the application.
All is good!

6.8.3 require_dependency

All known use cases of require_dependency have been eliminated, you should grep the project and delete them.

If your application uses Single Table Inheritance, please see the Single Table Inheritance section of the Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode) guide.

6.8.4 Qualified names in class and module definitions

You can now robustly use constant paths in class and module definitions:

# Autoloading in this class' body matches Ruby semantics now.
class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
  # ...
end

A gotcha to be aware of is that, depending on the order of execution, the classic autoloader could sometimes be able to autoload Foo::Wadus in

class Foo::Bar
  Wadus
end

That does not match Ruby semantics because Foo is not in the nesting, and won't work at all in zeitwerk mode. If you find such corner case you can use the qualified name Foo::Wadus:

class Foo::Bar
  Foo::Wadus
end

or add Foo to the nesting:

module Foo
  class Bar
    Wadus
  end
end

6.8.5 Concerns

You can autoload and eager load from a standard structure like

app/models
app/models/concerns

In that case, app/models/concerns is assumed to be a root directory (because it belongs to the autoload paths), and it is ignored as namespace. So, app/models/concerns/foo.rb should define Foo, not Concerns::Foo.

The Concerns:: namespace worked with the classic autoloader as a side-effect of the implementation, but it was not really an intended behavior. An application using Concerns:: needs to rename those classes and modules to be able to run in zeitwerk mode.

6.8.6 Having app in the autoload paths

Some projects want something like app/api/base.rb to define API::Base, and add app to the autoload paths to accomplish that in classic mode. Since Rails adds all subdirectories of app to the autoload paths automatically, we have another situation in which there are nested root directories, so that setup no longer works. Similar principle we explained above with concerns.

If you want to keep that structure, you'll need to delete the subdirectory from the autoload paths in an initializer:

ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.delete("#{Rails.root}/app/api")

6.8.7 Autoloaded Constants and Explicit Namespaces

If a namespace is defined in a file, as Hotel is here:

app/models/hotel.rb         # Defines Hotel.
app/models/hotel/pricing.rb # Defines Hotel::Pricing.

the Hotel constant has to be set using the class or module keywords. For example:

class Hotel
end

is good.

Alternatives like

Hotel = Class.new

or

Hotel = Struct.new

won't work, child objects like Hotel::Pricing won't be found.

This restriction only applies to explicit namespaces. Classes and modules not defining a namespace can be defined using those idioms.

6.8.8 One file, one constant (at the same top-level)

In classic mode you could technically define several constants at the same top-level and have them all reloaded. For example, given

# app/models/foo.rb

class Foo
end

class Bar
end

while Bar could not be autoloaded, autoloading Foo would mark Bar as autoloaded too. This is not the case in zeitwerk mode, you need to move Bar to its own file bar.rb. One file, one constant.

This only applies to constants at the same top-level as in the example above. Inner classes and modules are fine. For example, consider

# app/models/foo.rb

class Foo
  class InnerClass
  end
end

If the application reloads Foo, it will reload Foo::InnerClass too.

6.8.9 Spring and the test Environment

Spring reloads the application code if something changes. In the test environment you need to enable reloading for that to work:

# config/environments/test.rb

config.cache_classes = false

Otherwise you'll get this error:

reloading is disabled because config.cache_classes is true

6.8.10 Bootsnap

Bootsnap should be at least version 1.4.2.

In addition to that, Bootsnap needs to disable the iseq cache due to a bug in the interpreter if running Ruby 2.5. Please make sure to depend on at least Bootsnap 1.4.4 in that case.

6.8.11 config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path

The new configuration point config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path is true by default for backwards compatibility, but allows you to opt-out from adding the autoload paths to $LOAD_PATH.

This makes sense in most applications, since you never should require a file in app/models, for example, and Zeitwerk only uses absolute file names internally.

By opting-out you optimize $LOAD_PATH lookups (less directories to check), and save Bootsnap work and memory consumption, since it does not need to build an index for these directories.

6.8.12 Thread-safety

In classic mode, constant autoloading is not thread-safe, though Rails has locks in place for example to make web requests thread-safe when autoloading is enabled, as it is common in the development environment.

Constant autoloading is thread-safe in zeitwerk mode. For example, you can now autoload in multi-threaded scripts executed by the runner command.

6.8.13 Globs in config.autoload_paths

Beware of configurations like

config.autoload_paths += Dir["#{config.root}/lib/**/"]

Every element of config.autoload_paths should represent the top-level namespace (Object) and they cannot be nested in consequence (with the exception of concerns directories explained above).

To fix this, just remove the wildcards:

config.autoload_paths << "#{config.root}/lib"

6.8.14 Eager loading and autoloading are consistent

In classic mode, if app/models/foo.rb defines Bar, you won't be able to autoload that file, but eager loading will work because it loads files recursively blindly. This can be a source of errors if you test things first eager loading, execution may fail later autoloading.

In zeitwerk mode both loading modes are consistent, they fail and err in the same files.

6.8.15 How to Use the Classic Autoloader in Rails 6

Applications can load Rails 6 defaults and still use the classic autoloader by setting config.autoloader this way:

# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 6.0
config.autoloader = :classic

When using the Classic Autoloader in Rails 6 application it is recommended to set concurrency level to 1 in development environment, for the web servers and background processors, due to the thread-safety concerns.

6.9 Active Storage assignment behavior change

With the configuration defaults for Rails 5.2, assigning to a collection of attachments declared with has_many_attached appends new files:

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many_attached :highlights
end

user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg")
user.highlights.count # => 1

blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg")
user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])

user.highlights.count # => 2
user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"

With the configuration defaults for Rails 6.0, assigning to a collection of attachments replaces existing files instead of appending to them. This matches Active Record behavior when assigning to a collection association:

user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg")
user.highlights.count # => 1

blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg")
user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])

user.highlights.count # => 1
user.highlights.first.filename # => "town.jpg"

#attach can be used to add new attachments without removing the existing ones:

blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg")
user.highlights.attach(blob)

user.highlights.count # => 2
user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"

Existing applications can opt in to this new behavior by setting config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many to true. The old behavior will be deprecated in Rails 7.0 and removed in Rails 7.1.

6.10 Custom exception handling applications

Invalid Accept or Content-Type request headers will now raise an exception. The default config.exceptions_app specifically handles that error and compensates for it. Custom exceptions applications will need to handle that error as well, or such requests will cause Rails to use the fallback exceptions application, which returns a 500 Internal Server Error.

7 Upgrading from Rails 5.1 to Rails 5.2

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.2 please see the release notes.

7.1 Bootsnap

Rails 5.2 adds bootsnap gem in the newly generated app's Gemfile. The app:update command sets it up in boot.rb. If you want to use it, then add it in the Gemfile:

# Reduces boot times through caching; required in config/boot.rb
gem "bootsnap", require: false

Otherwise change the boot.rb to not use bootsnap.

7.2 Expiry in signed or encrypted cookie is now embedded in the cookies values

To improve security, Rails now embeds the expiry information also in encrypted or signed cookies value.

This new embedded information makes those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 5.2.

If you require your cookies to be read by 5.1 and older, or you are still validating your 5.2 deploy and want to allow you to rollback set Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption to false.

8 Upgrading from Rails 5.0 to Rails 5.1

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.1 please see the release notes.

8.1 Top-level HashWithIndifferentAccess is soft-deprecated

If your application uses the top-level HashWithIndifferentAccess class, you should slowly move your code to instead use ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess.

It is only soft-deprecated, which means that your code will not break at the moment and no deprecation warning will be displayed, but this constant will be removed in the future.

Also, if you have pretty old YAML documents containing dumps of such objects, you may need to load and dump them again to make sure that they reference the right constant, and that loading them won't break in the future.

8.2 application.secrets now loaded with all keys as symbols

If your application stores nested configuration in config/secrets.yml, all keys are now loaded as symbols, so access using strings should be changed.

From:

Rails.application.secrets[:smtp_settings]["address"]

To:

Rails.application.secrets[:smtp_settings][:address]

8.3 Removed deprecated support to :text and :nothing in render

If your controllers are using render :text, they will no longer work. The new method of rendering text with MIME type of text/plain is to use render :plain.

Similarly, render :nothing is also removed and you should use the head method to send responses that contain only headers. For example, head :ok sends a 200 response with no body to render.

8.4 Removed deprecated support of redirect_to :back

In Rails 5.0, redirect_to :back was deprecated. In Rails 5.1, it was removed completely.

As an alternative, use redirect_back. It's important to note that redirect_back also takes a fallback_location option which will be used in case the HTTP_REFERER is missing.

redirect_back(fallback_location: root_path)

9 Upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.0 please see the release notes.

9.1 Ruby 2.2.2+ required

From Ruby on Rails 5.0 onwards, Ruby 2.2.2+ is the only supported Ruby version. Make sure you are on Ruby 2.2.2 version or greater, before you proceed.

9.2 Active Record Models Now Inherit from ApplicationRecord by Default

In Rails 4.2, an Active Record model inherits from ActiveRecord::Base. In Rails 5.0, all models inherit from ApplicationRecord.

ApplicationRecord is a new superclass for all app models, analogous to app controllers subclassing ApplicationController instead of ActionController::Base. This gives apps a single spot to configure app-wide model behavior.

When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, you need to create an application_record.rb file in app/models/ and add the following content:

class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
end

Then make sure that all your models inherit from it.

9.3 Halting Callback Chains via throw(:abort)

In Rails 4.2, when a 'before' callback returns false in Active Record and Active Model, then the entire callback chain is halted. In other words, successive 'before' callbacks are not executed, and neither is the action wrapped in callbacks.

In Rails 5.0, returning false in an Active Record or Active Model callback will not have this side effect of halting the callback chain. Instead, callback chains must be explicitly halted by calling throw(:abort).

When you upgrade from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, returning false in those kind of callbacks will still halt the callback chain, but you will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change.

When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation warning by adding the following configuration to your config/application.rb:

ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false

Note that this option will not affect Active Support callbacks since they never halted the chain when any value was returned.

See #17227 for more details.

9.4 ActiveJob Now Inherits from ApplicationJob by Default

In Rails 4.2, an Active Job inherits from ActiveJob::Base. In Rails 5.0, this behavior has changed to now inherit from ApplicationJob.

When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, you need to create an application_job.rb file in app/jobs/ and add the following content:

class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
end

Then make sure that all your job classes inherit from it.

See #19034 for more details.

9.5 Rails Controller Testing

9.5.1 Extraction of some helper methods to rails-controller-testing

assigns and assert_template have been extracted to the rails-controller-testing gem. To continue using these methods in your controller tests, add gem "rails-controller-testing" to your Gemfile.

If you are using RSpec for testing, please see the extra configuration required in the gem's documentation.

9.5.2 New behavior when uploading files

If you are using ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile in your tests to upload files, you will need to change to use the similar Rack::Test::UploadedFile class instead.

See #26404 for more details.

9.6 Autoloading is Disabled After Booting in the Production Environment

Autoloading is now disabled after booting in the production environment by default.

Eager loading the application is part of the boot process, so top-level constants are fine and are still autoloaded, no need to require their files.

Constants in deeper places only executed at runtime, like regular method bodies, are also fine because the file defining them will have been eager loaded while booting.

For the vast majority of applications this change needs no action. But in the very rare event that your application needs autoloading while running in production, set Rails.application.config.enable_dependency_loading to true.

9.7 XML Serialization

ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml has been extracted from Rails to the activemodel-serializers-xml gem. To continue using XML serialization in your application, add gem "activemodel-serializers-xml" to your Gemfile.

9.8 Removed Support for Legacy mysql Database Adapter

Rails 5 removes support for the legacy mysql database adapter. Most users should be able to use mysql2 instead. It will be converted to a separate gem when we find someone to maintain it.

9.9 Removed Support for Debugger

debugger is not supported by Ruby 2.2 which is required by Rails 5. Use byebug instead.

9.10 Use bin/rails for running tasks and tests

Rails 5 adds the ability to run tasks and tests through bin/rails instead of rake. Generally these changes are in parallel with rake, but some were ported over altogether.

To use the new test runner simply type bin/rails test.

rake dev:cache is now bin/rails dev:cache.

Run bin/rails inside your application's root directory to see the list of commands available.

9.11 ActionController::Parameters No Longer Inherits from HashWithIndifferentAccess

Calling params in your application will now return an object instead of a hash. If your parameters are already permitted, then you will not need to make any changes. If you are using map and other methods that depend on being able to read the hash regardless of permitted? you will need to upgrade your application to first permit and then convert to a hash.

params.permit([:proceed_to, :return_to]).to_h

9.12 protect_from_forgery Now Defaults to prepend: false

protect_from_forgery defaults to prepend: false which means that it will be inserted into the callback chain at the point in which you call it in your application. If you want protect_from_forgery to always run first, then you should change your application to use protect_from_forgery prepend: true.

9.13 Default Template Handler is Now RAW

Files without a template handler in their extension will be rendered using the raw handler. Previously Rails would render files using the ERB template handler.

If you do not want your file to be handled via the raw handler, you should add an extension to your file that can be parsed by the appropriate template handler.

9.14 Added Wildcard Matching for Template Dependencies

You can now use wildcard matching for your template dependencies. For example, if you were defining your templates as such:

<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/subscribers_changed %>
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/completed %>
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/uncompleted %>

You can now just call the dependency once with a wildcard.

<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/* %>

9.15 ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper moved to external gem (record_tag_helper)

content_tag_for and div_for have been removed in favor of just using content_tag. To continue using the older methods, add the record_tag_helper gem to your Gemfile:

gem "record_tag_helper", "~> 1.0"

See #18411 for more details.

9.16 Removed Support for protected_attributes Gem

The protected_attributes gem is no longer supported in Rails 5.

9.17 Removed support for activerecord-deprecated_finders gem

The activerecord-deprecated_finders gem is no longer supported in Rails 5.

9.18 ActiveSupport::TestCase Default Test Order is Now Random

When tests are run in your application, the default order is now :random instead of :sorted. Use the following config option to set it back to :sorted.

# config/environments/test.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted
end

9.19 ActionController::Live became a Concern

If you include ActionController::Live in another module that is included in your controller, then you should also extend the module with ActiveSupport::Concern. Alternatively, you can use the self.included hook to include ActionController::Live directly to the controller once the StreamingSupport is included.

This means that if your application used to have its own streaming module, the following code would break in production:

# This is a work-around for streamed controllers performing authentication with Warden/Devise.
# See https://github.com/plataformatec/devise/issues/2332
# Authenticating in the router is another solution as suggested in that issue
class StreamingSupport
  include ActionController::Live # this won't work in production for Rails 5
  # extend ActiveSupport::Concern # unless you uncomment this line.

  def process(name)
    super(name)
  rescue ArgumentError => e
    if e.message == 'uncaught throw :warden'
      throw :warden
    else
      raise e
    end
  end
end

9.20 New Framework Defaults

9.20.1 Active Record belongs_to Required by Default Option

belongs_to will now trigger a validation error by default if the association is not present.

This can be turned off per-association with optional: true.

This default will be automatically configured in new applications. If an existing application wants to add this feature it will need to be turned on in an initializer:

config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true

The configuration is by default global for all your models, but you can override it on a per model basis. This should help you migrate all your models to have their associations required by default.

class Book < ApplicationRecord
  # model is not yet ready to have its association required by default

  self.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
  belongs_to(:author)
end

class Car < ApplicationRecord
  # model is ready to have its association required by default

  self.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
  belongs_to(:pilot)
end

9.20.2 Per-form CSRF Tokens

Rails 5 now supports per-form CSRF tokens to mitigate against code-injection attacks with forms created by JavaScript. With this option turned on, forms in your application will each have their own CSRF token that is specific to the action and method for that form.

config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens = true

9.20.3 Forgery Protection with Origin Check

You can now configure your application to check if the HTTP Origin header should be checked against the site's origin as an additional CSRF defense. Set the following in your config to true:

config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check = true

9.20.4 Allow Configuration of Action Mailer Queue Name

The default mailer queue name is mailers. This configuration option allows you to globally change the queue name. Set the following in your config:

config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name = :new_queue_name

9.20.5 Support Fragment Caching in Action Mailer Views

Set config.action_mailer.perform_caching in your config to determine whether your Action Mailer views should support caching.

config.action_mailer.perform_caching = true

9.20.6 Configure the Output of db:structure:dump

If you're using schema_search_path or other PostgreSQL extensions, you can control how the schema is dumped. Set to :all to generate all dumps, or to :schema_search_path to generate from schema search path.

config.active_record.dump_schemas = :all

9.20.7 Configure SSL Options to Enable HSTS with Subdomains

Set the following in your config to enable HSTS when using subdomains:

config.ssl_options = { hsts: { subdomains: true } }

9.20.8 Preserve Timezone of the Receiver

When using Ruby 2.4, you can preserve the timezone of the receiver when calling to_time.

ActiveSupport.to_time_preserves_timezone = false

9.21 Changes with JSON/JSONB serialization

In Rails 5.0, how JSON/JSONB attributes are serialized and deserialized changed. Now, if you set a column equal to a String, Active Record will no longer turn that string into a Hash, and will instead only return the string. This is not limited to code interacting with models, but also affects :default column settings in db/schema.rb. It is recommended that you do not set columns equal to a String, but pass a Hash instead, which will be converted to and from a JSON string automatically.

10 Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2

10.1 Web Console

First, add gem "web-console", "~> 2.0" to the :development group in your Gemfile and run bundle install (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., <%= console %>) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment.

10.2 Responders

respond_with and the class-level respond_to methods have been extracted to the responders gem. To use them, simply add gem "responders", "~> 2.0" to your Gemfile. Calls to respond_with and respond_to (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the responders gem in your dependencies:

# app/controllers/users_controller.rb

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  respond_to :html, :json

  def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    respond_with @user
  end
end

Instance-level respond_to is unaffected and does not require the additional gem:

# app/controllers/users_controller.rb

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html
      format.json { render json: @user }
    end
  end
end

See #16526 for more details.

10.3 Error handling in transaction callbacks

Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised within after_rollback or after_commit callbacks and only prints them to the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed. Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active Record callbacks.

When you define an after_rollback or after_commit callback, you will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your config/application.rb:

config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true

See #14488 and #16537 for more details.

10.4 Ordering of test cases

In Rails 5.0, test cases will be executed in random order by default. In anticipation of this change, Rails 4.2 introduced a new configuration option active_support.test_order for explicitly specifying the test ordering. This allows you to either lock down the current behavior by setting the option to :sorted, or opt into the future behavior by setting the option to :random.

If you do not specify a value for this option, a deprecation warning will be emitted. To avoid this, add the following line to your test environment:

# config/environments/test.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted # or `:random` if you prefer
end

10.5 Serialized attributes

When using a custom coder (e.g. serialize :metadata, JSON), assigning nil to a serialized attribute will save it to the database as NULL instead of passing the nil value through the coder (e.g. "null" when using the JSON coder).

10.6 Production log level

In Rails 5, the default log level for the production environment will be changed to :debug (from :info). To preserve the current default, add the following line to your production.rb:

# Set to `:info` to match the current default, or set to `:debug` to opt-into
# the future default.
config.log_level = :info

10.7 after_bundle in Rails templates

If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler:

# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")

git :init
git add: "."
git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }

You can now wrap the git calls in an after_bundle block. It will be run after the binstubs have been generated.

# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")

after_bundle do
  git :init
  git add: "."
  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
end

10.8 Rails HTML Sanitizer

There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of Rails HTML Sanitizer.

This means the methods sanitize, sanitize_css, strip_tags and strip_links are backed by a new implementation.

This new sanitizer uses Loofah internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster no matter which Ruby version you run.

The new version updates sanitize, so it can take a Loofah::Scrubber for powerful scrubbing. See some examples of scrubbers here.

Two new scrubbers have also been added: PermitScrubber and TargetScrubber. Read the gem's readme for more information.

The documentation for PermitScrubber and TargetScrubber explains how you can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped.

If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include rails-deprecated_sanitizer in your Gemfile:

gem "rails-deprecated_sanitizer"

10.9 Rails DOM Testing

The TagAssertions module (containing methods such as assert_tag), has been deprecated in favor of the assert_select methods from the SelectorAssertions module, which has been extracted into the rails-dom-testing gem.

10.10 Masked Authenticity Tokens

In order to mitigate SSL attacks, form_authenticity_token is now masked so that it varies with each request. Thus, tokens are validated by unmasking and then decrypting. As a result, any strategies for verifying requests from non-rails forms that relied on a static session CSRF token have to take this into account.

10.11 Action Mailer

Previously, calling a mailer method on a mailer class will result in the corresponding instance method being executed directly. With the introduction of Active Job and #deliver_later, this is no longer true. In Rails 4.2, the invocation of the instance methods are deferred until either deliver_now or deliver_later is called. For example:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  def notify(user)
    puts "Called"
    mail(to: user.email)
  end
end

mail = Notifier.notify(user) # Notifier#notify is not yet called at this point
mail = mail.deliver_now           # Prints "Called"

This should not result in any noticeable differences for most applications. However, if you need some non-mailer methods to be executed synchronously, and you were previously relying on the synchronous proxying behavior, you should define them as class methods on the mailer class directly:

class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  def self.broadcast_notifications(users, ...)
    users.each { |user| Notifier.notify(user, ...) }
  end
end

10.12 Foreign Key Support

The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it. Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by its Rails migration DSL counterpart.

The migration procedure is as follows:

1. remove gem "foreigner" from the Gemfile.
2. run bundle install.
3. run bin/rake db:schema:dump.
4. make sure that db/schema.rb contains every foreign key definition with the necessary options.

11 Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1

11.1 CSRF protection from remote <script> tags

Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?" or "my <script> widget is busted!!"

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from remotely referencing your JavaScript with a <script> tag to extract sensitive data.

This means that your functional and integration tests that use

get :index, format: :js

will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to

xhr :get, :index, format: :js

to explicitly test an XmlHttpRequest.

11.2 Spring

If you want to use Spring as your application preloader you need to:

1. Add gem "spring", group: :development to your Gemfile.
2. Install spring using bundle install.
3. Generate the Spring binstub with bundle exec spring binstub.

11.3 config/secrets.yml

If you want to use the new secrets.yml convention to store your application's secrets, you need to:

1. Create a secrets.yml file in your config folder with the following content:

   development:
     secret_key_base:
   
   test:
     secret_key_base:
   
   production:
     secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
   

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2. Use your existing secret_key_base from the secret_token.rb initializer to set the SECRET_KEY_BASE environment variable for whichever users running the Rails application in production. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing secret_key_base from the secret_token.rb initializer to secrets.yml under the production section, replacing <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>.

3. Remove the secret_token.rb initializer.

4. Use rake secret to generate new keys for the development and test sections.

5. Restart your server.

11.4 Changes to test helper

If your test helper contains a call to ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending! this can be removed. The check is now done automatically when you require "rails/test_help", although leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.

11.5 Cookies serializer

Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses Marshal to serialize cookie values into the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new JSON-based format in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:

Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid

This would transparently migrate your existing Marshal-serialized cookies into the new JSON-based format.

When using the :json or :hybrid serializer, you should beware that not all Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, Date and Time objects will be serialized as strings, and Hashes will have their keys stringified.

class CookiesController < ApplicationController
  def set_cookie
    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
  end

  def read_cookie
    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
  end
end

It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies. If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.

If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the session and flash hash as well.

11.6 Flash structure changes

Flash message keys are normalized to strings. They can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Looping through the flash will always yield string keys:

flash["string"] = "a string"
flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"

# Rails < 4.1
flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]

# Rails >= 4.1
flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]

Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.

11.7 Changes in JSON handling

There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.

11.7.1 MultiJSON removal

MultiJSON has reached its end-of-life and has been removed from Rails.

If your application currently depends on MultiJSON directly, you have a few options:

1. Add 'multi_json' to your Gemfile. Note that this might cease to work in the future

2. Migrate away from MultiJSON by using obj.to_json, and JSON.parse(str) instead.

11.7.2 JSON gem compatibility

Historically, Rails had some compatibility issues with the JSON gem. Using JSON.generate and JSON.dump inside a Rails application could produce unexpected errors.

Rails 4.1 fixed these issues by isolating its own encoder from the JSON gem. The JSON gem APIs will function as normal, but they will not have access to any Rails-specific features. For example:

class FooBar
  def as_json(options = nil)
    { foo: 'bar' }
  end
end

irb> FooBar.new.to_json
=> "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}"
irb> JSON.generate(FooBar.new, quirks_mode: true)
=> "\"#<FooBar:0x007fa80a481610>\""

11.7.3 New JSON encoder

The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 has been rewritten to take advantage of the JSON gem. For most applications, this should be a transparent change. However, as part of the rewrite, the following features have been removed from the encoder:

1. Circular data structure detection
2. Support for the encode_json hook
3. Option to encode BigDecimal objects as numbers instead of strings

If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by adding the activesupport-json_encoder gem to your Gemfile.

11.7.4 JSON representation of Time objects

#as_json for objects with time component (Time, DateTime, ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone) now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond precision, set the following in an initializer:

ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0

11.8 Usage of return within inline callback blocks

Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use return this way:

class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save { return false } # BAD
end

This behavior was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals of ActiveSupport::Callbacks, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a return statement in an inline callback block causes a LocalJumpError to be raised when the callback is executed.

Inline callback blocks using return can be refactored to evaluate to the returned value:

class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save { false } # GOOD
end

Alternatively, if return is preferred it is recommended to explicitly define a method:

class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save :before_save_callback # GOOD

  private
    def before_save_callback
      false
    end
end

This change applies to most places in Rails where callbacks are used, including Active Record and Active Model callbacks, as well as filters in Action Controller (e.g. before_action).

See this pull request for more details.

11.9 Methods defined in Active Record fixtures

Rails 4.1 evaluates each fixture's ERB in a separate context, so helper methods defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures.

Helper methods that are used in multiple fixtures should be defined on modules included in the newly introduced ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class, in test_helper.rb.

module FixtureFileHelpers
  def file_sha(path)
    OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
  end
end

ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers

11.10 I18n enforcing available locales

Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option enforce_available_locales to true. This means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in the available_locales list.

To disable it (and allow I18n to accept any locale option) add the following configuration to your application:

config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false

Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore, it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for doing so.

11.11 Mutator methods called on Relation

Relation no longer has mutator methods like #map! and #delete_if. Convert to an Array by calling #to_a before using these methods.

It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator methods directly on the Relation.

# Instead of this
Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!

# Now you have to do this
authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
authors.compact!

11.12 Changes on Default Scopes

Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.

In previous versions when you defined a default_scope in a model it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it is merged like any other scope.

Before:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'

User.where(state: 'inactive')
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'

After:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'

User.where(state: 'inactive')
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'

To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the default_scope condition using unscoped, unscope, rewhere or except.

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
  scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'

User.inactive
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'

11.13 Rendering content from string

Rails 4.1 introduces :plain, :html, and :body options to render. Those options are now the preferred way to render string-based content, as it allows you to specify which content type you want the response sent as.

• render :plain will set the content type to text/plain
• render :html will set the content type to text/html
• render :body will not set the content type header.

From the security standpoint, if you don't expect to have any markup in your response body, you should be using render :plain as most browsers will escape unsafe content in the response for you.

We will be deprecating the use of render :text in a future version. So please start using the more precise :plain, :html, and :body options instead. Using render :text may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as text/html.

11.14 PostgreSQL JSON and hstore datatypes

Rails 4.1 will map json and hstore columns to a string-keyed Ruby Hash. In earlier versions, a HashWithIndifferentAccess was used. This means that symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for store_accessors based on top of json or hstore columns. Make sure to use string keys consistently.

11.15 Explicit block use for ActiveSupport::Callbacks

Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback. This change stems from ActiveSupport::Callbacks being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release.

# Previously in Rails 4.0
set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }

# Now in Rails 4.1
set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }

12 Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.2.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.2 before attempting one to Rails 4.0.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 4.0.

12.1 HTTP PATCH

Rails 4 now uses PATCH as the primary HTTP verb for updates when a RESTful resource is declared in config/routes.rb. The update action is still used, and PUT requests will continue to be routed to the update action as well. So, if you're using only the standard RESTful routes, no changes need to be made:

resources :users

<%= form_for @user do |f| %>

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def update
    # No change needed; PATCH will be preferred, and PUT will still work.
  end
end

However, you will need to make a change if you are using form_for to update a resource in conjunction with a custom route using the PUT HTTP method:

resources :users do
  put :update_name, on: :member
end

<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ] do |f| %>

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def update_name
    # Change needed; form_for will try to use a non-existent PATCH route.
  end
end

If the action is not being used in a public API and you are free to change the HTTP method, you can update your route to use patch instead of put:

resources :users do
  patch :update_name, on: :member
end

PUT requests to /users/:id in Rails 4 get routed to update as they are today. So, if you have an API that gets real PUT requests it is going to work. The router also routes PATCH requests to /users/:id to the update action.

If the action is being used in a public API and you can't change to HTTP method being used, you can update your form to use the PUT method instead:

<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ], method: :put do |f| %>

For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see this post on the Rails blog.

12.1.1 A note about media types

The errata for the PATCH verb specifies that a 'diff' media type should be used with PATCH. One such format is JSON Patch. While Rails does not support JSON Patch natively, it's easy enough to add support:

# in your controller:
def update
  respond_to do |format|
    format.json do
      # perform a partial update
      @article.update params[:article]
    end

    format.json_patch do
      # perform sophisticated change
    end
  end
end

# config/initializers/json_patch.rb
Mime::Type.register 'application/json-patch+json', :json_patch

As JSON Patch was only recently made into an RFC, there aren't a lot of great Ruby libraries yet. Aaron Patterson's hana is one such gem, but doesn't have full support for the last few changes in the specification.

12.2 Gemfile

Rails 4.0 removed the assets group from Gemfile. You'd need to remove that line from your Gemfile when upgrading. You should also update your application file (in config/application.rb):

# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)

12.3 vendor/plugins

Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from vendor/plugins. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, lib/my_plugin/* and add an appropriate initializer in config/initializers/my_plugin.rb.

12.4 Active Record

• Rails 4.0 has removed the identity map from Active Record, due to some inconsistencies with associations. If you have manually enabled it in your application, you will have to remove the following config that has no effect anymore: config.active_record.identity_map.

• The delete method in collection associations can now receive Integer or String arguments as record ids, besides records, pretty much like the destroy method does. Previously it raised ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch for such arguments. From Rails 4.0 on delete automatically tries to find the records matching the given ids before deleting them.

• In Rails 4.0 when a column or a table is renamed the related indexes are also renamed. If you have migrations which rename the indexes, they are no longer needed.

• Rails 4.0 has changed serialized_attributes and attr_readonly to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. self.serialized_attributes to self.class.serialized_attributes.

• When using the default coder, assigning nil to a serialized attribute will save it to the database as NULL instead of passing the nil value through YAML ("--- \n...\n").

• Rails 4.0 has removed attr_accessible and attr_protected feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the Protected Attributes gem for a smooth upgrade path.

• If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to this gem such as whitelist_attributes or mass_assignment_sanitizer options.

• Rails 4.0 requires that scopes use a callable object such as a Proc or lambda:

  scope :active, where(active: true)
  
  # becomes
  scope :active, -> { where active: true }
  

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• Rails 4.0 has deprecated ActiveRecord::Fixtures in favor of ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.

• Rails 4.0 has deprecated ActiveRecord::TestCase in favor of ActiveSupport::TestCase.

• Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash-based finder API. This means that methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do. For example, Book.find(:all, conditions: { name: '1984' }) has been deprecated in favor of Book.where(name: '1984')

• All dynamic methods except for find_by_... and find_by_...! are deprecated. Here's how you can handle the changes:

  • find_all_by_... becomes where(...).
  • find_last_by_... becomes where(...).last.
  • scoped_by_... becomes where(...).
  • find_or_initialize_by_... becomes find_or_initialize_by(...).
  • find_or_create_by_... becomes find_or_create_by(...).

• Note that where(...) returns a relation, not an array like the old finders. If you require an Array, use where(...).to_a.

• These equivalent methods may not execute the same SQL as the previous implementation.

• To re-enable the old finders, you can use the activerecord-deprecated_finders gem.

• Rails 4.0 has changed to default join table for has_and_belongs_to_many relations to strip the common prefix off the second table name. Any existing has_and_belongs_to_many relationship between models with a common prefix must be specified with the join_table option. For example:

  class CatalogCategory < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_products, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
  end
  
  class CatalogProduct < ActiveRecord::Base
    has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_categories, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
  end
  

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• Note that the prefix takes scopes into account as well, so relations between Catalog::Category and Catalog::Product or Catalog::Category and CatalogProduct need to be updated similarly.

12.5 Active Resource

Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the Active Resource gem in your Gemfile.

12.6 Active Model

• Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to :#{attribute}_confirmation instead of attribute.

• Rails 4.0 has changed ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json default value to false. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behavior. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb file:

  # Disable root element in JSON by default.
  # ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  #   self.include_root_in_json = false
  # end
  

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12.7 Action Pack

• Rails 4.0 introduces ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator and uses this as a base from which to generate and verify signed cookies (among other things). Existing signed cookies generated with Rails 3.x will be transparently upgraded if you leave your existing secret_token in place and add the new secret_key_base.

  # config/initializers/secret_token.rb
  Myapp::Application.config.secret_token = 'existing secret token'
  Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'new secret key base'
  

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  Please note that you should wait to set secret_key_base until you have 100% of your userbase on Rails 4.x and are reasonably sure you will not need to rollback to Rails 3.x. This is because cookies signed based on the new secret_key_base in Rails 4.x are not backwards compatible with Rails 3.x. You are free to leave your existing secret_token in place, not set the new secret_key_base, and ignore the deprecation warnings until you are reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete.

  If you are relying on the ability for external applications or JavaScript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set secret_key_base until you have decoupled these concerns.

• Rails 4.0 encrypts the contents of cookie-based sessions if secret_key_base has been set. Rails 3.x signed, but did not encrypt, the contents of cookie-based session. Signed cookies are "secure" in that they are verified to have been generated by your app and are tamper-proof. However, the contents can be viewed by end users, and encrypting the contents eliminates this caveat/concern without a significant performance penalty.

  Please read Pull Request #9978 for details on the move to encrypted session cookies.

• Rails 4.0 removed the ActionController::Base.asset_path option. Use the assets pipeline feature.

• Rails 4.0 has deprecated ActionController::Base.page_cache_extension option. Use ActionController::Base.default_static_extension instead.

• Rails 4.0 has removed Action and Page caching from Action Pack. You will need to add the actionpack-action_caching gem in order to use caches_action and the actionpack-page_caching to use caches_page in your controllers.

• Rails 4.0 has removed the XML parameters parser. You will need to add the actionpack-xml_parser gem if you require this feature.

• Rails 4.0 changes the default layout lookup set using symbols or procs that return nil. To get the "no layout" behavior, return false instead of nil.

• Rails 4.0 changes the default memcached client from memcache-client to dalli. To upgrade, simply add gem "dalli" to your Gemfile.

• Rails 4.0 deprecates the dom_id and dom_class methods in controllers (they are fine in views). You will need to include the ActionView::RecordIdentifier module in controllers requiring this feature.

• Rails 4.0 deprecates the :confirm option for the link_to helper. You should instead rely on a data attribute (e.g. data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }). This deprecation also concerns the helpers based on this one (such as link_to_if or link_to_unless).

• Rails 4.0 changed how assert_generates, assert_recognizes, and assert_routing work. Now all these assertions raise Assertion instead of ActionController::RoutingError.

• Rails 4.0 raises an ArgumentError if clashing named routes are defined. This can be triggered by explicitly defined named routes or by the resources method. Here are two examples that clash with routes named example_path:

  get 'one' => 'test#example', as: :example
  get 'two' => 'test#example', as: :example
  

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  resources :examples
  get 'clashing/:id' => 'test#example', as: :example
  

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  In the first case, you can simply avoid using the same name for multiple routes. In the second, you can use the only or except options provided by the resources method to restrict the routes created as detailed in the Routing Guide.

• Rails 4.0 also changed the way unicode character routes are drawn. Now you can draw unicode character routes directly. If you already draw such routes, you must change them, for example:

  get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは'), controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
  

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  becomes

  get 'こんにちは', controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
  

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• Rails 4.0 requires that routes using match must specify the request method. For example:

  # Rails 3.x
  match '/' => 'root#index'
  
  # becomes
  match '/' => 'root#index', via: :get
  
  # or
  get '/' => 'root#index'
  

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• Rails 4.0 has removed ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport middleware, <!DOCTYPE html> already triggers standards mode per https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to config.action_dispatch.default_headers.

  Remember you must also remove any references to the middleware from your application code, for example:

  # Raise exception
  config.middleware.insert_before(Rack::Lock, ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport)
  

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  Also check your environment settings for config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support and remove it if present.

• Rails 4.0 allows configuration of HTTP headers by setting config.action_dispatch.default_headers. The defaults are as follows:

  config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
    'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
    'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block'
  }
  

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  Please note that if your application is dependent on loading certain pages in a <frame> or <iframe>, then you may need to explicitly set X-Frame-Options to ALLOW-FROM ... or ALLOWALL.

• In Rails 4.0, precompiling assets no longer automatically copies non-JS/CSS assets from vendor/assets and lib/assets. Rails application and engine developers should put these assets in app/assets or configure config.assets.precompile.

• In Rails 4.0, ActionController::UnknownFormat is raised when the action doesn't handle the request format. By default, the exception is handled by responding with 406 Not Acceptable, but you can override that now. In Rails 3, 406 Not Acceptable was always returned. No overrides.

• In Rails 4.0, a generic ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError exception is raised when ParamsParser fails to parse request params. You will want to rescue this exception instead of the low-level MultiJson::DecodeError, for example.

• In Rails 4.0, SCRIPT_NAME is properly nested when engines are mounted on an app that's served from a URL prefix. You no longer have to set default_url_options[:script_name] to work around overwritten URL prefixes.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::Integration in favor of ActionDispatch::Integration.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::IntegrationTest in favor of ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::PerformanceTest in favor of ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::AbstractRequest in favor of ActionDispatch::Request.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::Request in favor of ActionDispatch::Request.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::AbstractResponse in favor of ActionDispatch::Response.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::Response in favor of ActionDispatch::Response.

• Rails 4.0 deprecated ActionController::Routing in favor of ActionDispatch::Routing.

12.8 Active Support

Rails 4.0 removes the j alias for ERB::Util#json_escape since j is already used for ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript.

12.8.1 Cache

The caching method changed between Rails 3.x and 4.0. You should change the cache namespace and roll out with a cold cache.

12.9 Helpers Loading Order

The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed in Rails 4.0. Previously, they were gathered and then sorted alphabetically. After upgrading to Rails 4.0, helpers will preserve the order of loaded directories and will be sorted alphabetically only within each directory. Unless you explicitly use the helpers_path parameter, this change will only impact the way of loading helpers from engines. If you rely on the ordering, you should check if correct methods are available after upgrade. If you would like to change the order in which engines are loaded, you can use config.railties_order= method.

12.10 Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper

ActiveRecord::Observer and ActionController::Caching::Sweeper have been extracted to the rails-observers gem. You will need to add the rails-observers gem if you require these features.

12.11 sprockets-rails

• assets:precompile:primary and assets:precompile:all have been removed. Use assets:precompile instead.

• The config.assets.compress option should be changed to config.assets.js_compressor like so for instance:

  config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
  

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12.12 sass-rails

• asset-url with two arguments is deprecated. For example: asset-url("rails.png", image) becomes asset-url("rails.png").

13 Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest 3.2.x version of Rails.

13.1 Gemfile

Make the following changes to your Gemfile.

gem "rails", "3.2.21"

group :assets do
  gem "sass-rails",   "~> 3.2.6"
  gem "coffee-rails", "~> 3.2.2"
  gem "uglifier",     ">= 1.0.3"
end

13.2 config/environments/development.rb

There are a couple of new configuration settings that you should add to your development environment:

# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict

# Log the query plan for queries taking more than this (works
# with SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL)
config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5

13.3 config/environments/test.rb

The mass_assignment_sanitizer configuration setting should also be added to config/environments/test.rb:

# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict

13.4 vendor/plugins

Rails 3.2 deprecates vendor/plugins and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your Gemfile. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, lib/my_plugin/* and add an appropriate initializer in config/initializers/my_plugin.rb.

13.5 Active Record

Option :dependent => :restrict has been removed from belongs_to. If you want to prevent deleting the object if there are any associated objects, you can set :dependent => :destroy and return false after checking for existence of association from any of the associated object's destroy callbacks.

14 Upgrading from Rails 3.0 to Rails 3.1

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.0.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.0 before attempting an update to Rails 3.1.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.12, the last 3.1.x version of Rails.

14.1 Gemfile

Make the following changes to your Gemfile.

gem "rails", "3.1.12"
gem "mysql2"

# Needed for the new asset pipeline
group :assets do
  gem "sass-rails",   "~> 3.1.7"
  gem "coffee-rails", "~> 3.1.1"
  gem "uglifier",     ">= 1.0.3"
end

# jQuery is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1
gem "jquery-rails"

14.2 config/application.rb

The asset pipeline requires the following additions:

config.assets.enabled = true
config.assets.version = "1.0"

If your application is using an "/assets" route for a resource you may want to change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:

# Defaults to '/assets'
config.assets.prefix = '/asset-files'

14.3 config/environments/development.rb

Remove the RJS setting config.action_view.debug_rjs = true.

Add these settings if you enable the asset pipeline:

# Do not compress assets
config.assets.compress = false

# Expands the lines which load the assets
config.assets.debug = true

14.4 config/environments/production.rb

Again, most of the changes below are for the asset pipeline. You can read more about these in the Asset Pipeline guide.

# Compress JavaScripts and CSS
config.assets.compress = true

# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
config.assets.compile = false

# Generate digests for assets URLs
config.assets.digest = true

# Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets")
# config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH

# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
# config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css )

# Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
# config.force_ssl = true

14.5 config/environments/test.rb

You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment:

# Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
config.public_file_server.enabled = true
config.public_file_server.headers = {
  'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=3600'
}

14.6 config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb

Add this file with the following contents, if you wish to wrap parameters into a nested hash. This is on by default in new applications.

# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
# is enabled by default.

# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
end

# Disable root element in JSON by default.
ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  self.include_root_in_json = false
end

14.7 config/initializers/session_store.rb

You need to change your session key to something new, or remove all sessions:

# in config/initializers/session_store.rb
AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'

or

$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear

14.8 Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views

• With the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used anymore, delete these options from your views.

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